Sanchi Stupa, a magnificent symbol of India’s Buddhist heritage, stands proudly in central India as one of the most iconic monuments of ancient times. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Sanchi is not only an architectural marvel but also a gateway into the rich history of Buddhism, spanning over 1,400 years—from the 3rd century BCE to the 12th century CE. Here, we explore the incredible story behind the Great Stupa, its connection to Emperor Ashoka, and the fascinating places of interest at this sacred site.
The Beginning: Emperor Ashoka, and Sanchi Stupa
The origins of Sanchi Stupa can be traced back to Emperor Ashoka’s transformative journey into Buddhism. It was during his time as the governor of Ujjain that Ashoka married Devi, the daughter of a wealthy merchant from Vidisha. This sacred union bore two children, Mahindra and Sanghamitra, who would later become revered Buddhist monks.
Devi played a pivotal role in the construction of the Great Stupa at Sanchi. Ashoka chose Sanchi—a tranquil hilltop near Vidisha—for his first and most magnificent stupa, despite its lack of direct association with the Buddha’s life. It was here, under Devi’s supervision, that the original brick stupa was constructed in the 3rd century BCE.
Why Sanchi? A Site Steeped in Strategic and Spiritual Significance
The choice of Sanchi as the site for this monumental structure was influenced by several factors:
- Personal Connection: Sanchi was close to Vidisha, where Ashoka had spent formative years and married Devi.
- Tranquility and Proximity: The serene seclusion of the Sanchi Hills and their proximity to the prosperous town of Vidisha made it an ideal location for a monastic establishment.
- Buddhist Missionary Roots: Before departing for Sri Lanka to spread the Buddha’s teachings, Mahindra and Sanghamitra spent a month at the Chaityagiri Monastery (now Sanchi).
Sanchi’s Evolution: From Ashoka to the Satavahanas
The Mauryan Era
The original stupa built by Ashoka was a modest brick structure. Following Ashoka’s reign, the Mauryan dynasty fell, and Sanchi experienced significant changes under the Shunga dynasty. Pushyamitra Shunga, a known adversary of Buddhism, caused partial destruction to the stupa, but his successors, notably Agnimitra, restored and expanded it. By the 2nd century BCE, the stupa had doubled in size, its brick dome encased in stone, and a stone railing was added.
The Satavahana Contributions
The Satavahanas (1st century BCE) adorned the stupa with the magnificent four gateways (toranas) that we see today. These gateways, carved with intricate motifs, Jataka tales, and symbolic representations of the Buddha, showcase the artistry of ivory carvers from Vidisha.
Gupta Era and Beyond
During the Gupta period (4th-6th century CE), Sanchi flourished as a Buddhist center. The addition of Buddha images to the Great Stupa and the construction of temples marked this era. However, with the decline of Buddhism in India post-Gupta, Sanchi gradually fell into neglect.
The Rediscovery of Sanchi
By the 12th century CE, the once-thriving Buddhist complex at Sanchi was abandoned and overtaken by nature. It remained hidden until 1818 when General Taylor, during a military expedition, stumbled upon the site. Subsequent archaeological efforts by Alexander Cunningham and Sir John Marshall led to the preservation and restoration of this sacred monument.
Exploring the Sanchi Complex: Must-Visit Monuments
The Sanchi Stupa complex is a treasure trove of ancient Buddhist art and architecture. Here are the highlights:
1. The Great Stupa (Stupa 1)
The centerpiece of the complex, the Great Stupa, is unparalleled in its grandeur. With a diameter of over 36 meters and a height of 16.5 meters, it features:
- A hemispherical dome crowned by a triple umbrella (chhatra).
- Four intricately carved gateways (toranas), each narrating tales from Buddha’s life.
- A circumambulatory path at ground and upper levels, allowing devotees to perform pradakshina (ritual circling).
2. Stupa 3
Built during the Shunga period, this smaller stupa houses the relics of Sariputra and Mogallana, two of Buddha’s foremost disciples. It is crowned with a single gateway.
Lying to the northeast of Stupa 1, it is much smaller in dimension and crowned by a single stairway and gateway. Its diameter is 15 meters, and its height is 8.1 metres. It was built with stone blocks in its core.
3. Stupa 2
Located on the western slope, this stupa features exquisitely carved railings and relics of prominent Buddhist teachers. Though partially damaged during early excavations, its remains reflect the rich artistic traditions of ancient India.
It was nearly destroyed by Captain Johnson who excavated it in 1822. Whatever survived was further destroyed by the excavations of Alexander Cunningham. The stupa has been repaired but has lost many of its features and some of its remains are now placed in the site museum.
4. Ashokan Pillar
A masterpiece of Mauryan craftsmanship, the Ashokan Pillar near the Great Stupa is made of polished sandstone. Its inscription warns against division within the Sangha and highlights Ashoka’s dedication to preserving Buddhist unity.
5. Temples and Monasteries
- Temple 17: A Gupta-era flat-roofed temple that is a precursor to later Indian temple architecture.
- Temple 18: Likely a chaitya hall used for monastic education.
- Monastery 51: The largest monastery at Sanchi, featuring uniform monk cells and a massive stone bowl used for food storage.
The Sanchi Museum
Established in 1919 by Sir John Marshall, the Sanchi Museum houses invaluable artifacts, including the lion capital of the Ashokan Pillar, statues of Buddha and bodhisattvas, and intricate carvings. A visit to this museum offers deeper insight into the artistic and spiritual heritage of Sanchi.
Tips for Travelers
- Getting There: Sanchi is well-connected by train and road, making it accessible from Bhopal, the nearest major city.
- Best Time to Visit: October to March, when the weather is pleasant.
- Duration: A day is sufficient to explore the stupa complex and museum.
Conclusion
Sanchi Stupa is more than just an architectural marvel; it’s a testament to the enduring legacy of Buddhism in India. From its origins under Ashoka to its rediscovery in modern times, Sanchi offers a glimpse into a fascinating chapter of history. Whether you’re a spiritual seeker, a history enthusiast, or an art lover, Sanchi promises an unforgettable journey into the past.
Plan your visit with Bodhisattva Travels and immerse yourself in the serenity and splendor of Sanchi Stupa. Let us guide you through the timeless stories and sacred sites of India’s Buddhist heritage.
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